We've built up quite a few links directly to github within the code
base. We should instead use `llvm.org/PR<issue-number>` to link to bugs,
since that is resilient to the bug tracker changing in the future. This
is especially relevant for tests linking to bugs, since they will
probably be there for decades to come. A nice side effect is that these
links are significantly shorter than the GH links, making them much less
of an eyesore.

This patch also replaces a few links that linked to the old bugzilla
instance on llvm.org.

```
-----------------------------------------------
Benchmark                   old             new
-----------------------------------------------
BM_getline_string        318 ns         32.4 ns
```

There are currently lots of `_LIBCPP_HAS_ASAN` and
`__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated()` checks which aren't needed, since it
is centrally checked inside `__debug_utils/sanitizers.h`.

Without this patch `basic_string` cannot be properly resized to be
`max_size()` elements in size, even if an allocation is successful.
`__grow_by` allocates one less element than required, resulting in an
out-of-bounds access. At the same time, `max_size()` has an off-by-one
error, since there has to be space to store the null terminator, which
is currently ignored.

This avoids duplicating the test data for all the different tests.

Implemented: https://wg21.link/P2591R5
- https://eel.is/c++draft/string.syn
- https://eel.is/c++draft/string.op.plus

---------

Co-authored-by: Hristo Hristov <zingam@outlook.com>

This commit introduces basic annotations for `std::basic_string`,
mirroring the approach used in `std::vector` and `std::deque`.
Initially, only long strings with the default allocator will be
annotated. Short strings (_SSO - short string optimization_) and strings
with non-default allocators will be annotated in the near future, with
separate commits dedicated to enabling them. The process will be similar
to the workflow employed for enabling annotations in `std::deque`.

**Please note**: these annotations function effectively only when libc++
and libc++abi dylibs are instrumented (with ASan). This aligns with the
prevailing behavior of Memory Sanitizer.

To avoid breaking everything, this commit also appends
`_LIBCPP_INSTRUMENTED_WITH_ASAN` to `__config_site` whenever libc++ is
compiled with ASan. If this macro is not defined, string annotations are
not enabled. However, linking a binary that does **not** annotate
strings with a dynamic library that annotates strings, is not permitted.

Originally proposed here: https://reviews.llvm.org/D132769

Related patches on Phabricator:
- Turning on annotations for short strings:
https://reviews.llvm.org/D147680
- Turning on annotations for all allocators:
https://reviews.llvm.org/D146214

This PR is a part of a series of patches extending AddressSanitizer C++
container overflow detection capabilities by adding annotations, similar
to those existing in `std::vector` and `std::deque` collections. These
enhancements empower ASan to effectively detect instances where the
instrumented program attempts to access memory within a collection's
internal allocation that remains unused. This includes cases where
access occurs before or after the stored elements in `std::deque`, or
between the `std::basic_string`'s size (including the null terminator)
and capacity bounds.

The introduction of these annotations was spurred by a real-world
software bug discovered by Trail of Bits, involving an out-of-bounds
memory access during the comparison of two strings using the
`std::equals` function. This function was taking iterators
(`iter1_begin`, `iter1_end`, `iter2_begin`) to perform the comparison,
using a custom comparison function. When the `iter1` object exceeded the
length of `iter2`, an out-of-bounds read could occur on the `iter2`
object. Container sanitization, upon enabling these annotations, would
effectively identify and flag this potential vulnerability.

This Pull Request introduces basic annotations for `std::basic_string`.
Long strings exhibit structural similarities to `std::vector` and will
be annotated accordingly. Short strings are already implemented, but
will be turned on separately in a forthcoming commit. Look at [a
comment](https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/72677#issuecomment-1850554465)
below to read about SSO issues at current moment.

Due to the functionality introduced in
[D132522](https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/dd1b7b797a116eed588fd752fbe61d34deeb24e4),
the `__sanitizer_annotate_contiguous_container` function now offers
compatibility with all allocators. However, enabling this support will
be done in a subsequent commit. For the time being, only strings with
the default allocator will be annotated.

If you have any questions, please email:
- advenam.tacet@trailofbits.com
- disconnect3d@trailofbits.com

Extend `std::basic_string` tests to cover more buffer situations and
length in general, particularly non-SSO cases after SSO test cases
(changing buffers). This commit is a side effect of working on tests for
ASan annotations.

Related PR: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/72677

While doing this, I also found a few tests that were either clearly
incorrect (e.g. testing the wrong function) or that lacked basic test
coverage like testing std::string itself (e.g. the test was only checking
std::basic_string with a custom allocator). In these cases, I did a few
conservative drive-by changes.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D140550
Co-authored-by: Brendan Emery <brendan.emery@esrlabs.com>

This file was accidentally formatted by D140612, resulting in incorrect
syntax.