Functions like isalpha / tolower can operate on chars internally. This
allows us to get rid of unnecessary casts and open a way to creating
wchar_t overloads with the same names (e.g. for isalpha), that would
simplify templated code for conversion functions (see
315dfe5865962d8a3d60e21d1fffce5214fe54ef).

Add the int->char converstion to public entrypoints implementation
instead. We also need to introduce bounds check on the input argument
values - these functions' behavior is unspecified if the argument is
neither EOF nor fits in "unsigned char" range, but the tests we've had
verified that they always return false for small negative values. To
preserve this behavior, cover it explicitly.

This reverts commit 92a116c4ef822950f8c57eaa5164c844c73a1f7e with a fix
for fgets test - convert nullptr to fgets return type (char*), since the
matcher is pedantic.

Reverts llvm/llvm-project#143972 - matcher seems to be pedantic for
fgets tests, reverting to verify and fix.

This reverts commit a93e55e57ed00a55f822c64e3520c7c732b58480 and fixes
build and test failures:

* Proper include added to setvbuf_test.cpp
* fgetc/fgetc_unlocked/fgets tests are ported to ErrnoSetterMatcher and
are made more precise. This fixes inconsistencies between expectations
in regular and GPU builds - ErrnoSetterMatcher is configured to omit
errno matching on GPUs, as fgetc implementation on GPU doesn't set
errno, in contrast to Linux.

Reverts llvm/llvm-project#143802. Follow-up fix
3c7af175e51c3ab08ac3c442146c2b822f38c01e wasn't robust enough and itself
got reverted.

Reduce the direct use of libc_errno in stdio unit tests by adopting
ErrnoCheckingTest where appropriate.

Also removes the libc_errno.h inclusions from stdlib.h tests that were
accidentally added in d87eea35fac5a34a841c637db8908128409a184e

This is the first step in preparation for:
https://discourse.llvm.org/t/rfc-make-clang-builtin-math-functions-constexpr-with-llvm-libc-to-support-c-23-constexpr-math-functions/86450

* Get rid of libc_errno assignments in str_to_* __support tests, since
those API have been migrated to return error in a struct instead.
* Migrate tests for atof and to strto* functions from <stdlib.h> and for
strdup from <string.h> to use ErrnoCheckingTest harness.

The a0c4f854cad2b97e44a1b58dc1fd982e1c4d60f3 change replaced the
local int_to_b36_char function returning `char` with uses of the
__support function of the same name that returns `int`.  The uses
of the old local function lacked the casts that all other uses of
the shared function of the same name had.  Add them.

The previous implementation of the ctype functions assumed ASCII.
This patch changes to a switch/case implementation that looks odd, but
actually is easier for the compiler to understand and optimize.