Summary:
We previously used `match_all` as the shortcut to figure out which
threads were destined for which slots. This lowers to a for-loop, which
even if it often only executes once still causes some slowdown
especially when divergent. Instead we use a single ballot call and then
calculate it.

Here the ballot tells us which lanes are the first in a block, either
the starting index or the barrier for a new 32-bit int. We then use some
bit magic to figure out for each lane ID its closest leader. For the
length we simply use the length calculated by the leader of the
remaining bits to be written. This removes the match any and the
shuffle, which improves the minimum number of cycles this takes by about
5%.

Summary:
This slightly increases performance in a few places. First, we
optimistically assume the cached slab has ample space which lets us
avoid the atomic load on the highly contended counter in the case that
it is likely to succeed. Second, we no longer call `match_any` twice as
we can calculate the uniform slabs at the moment we return them.
Thirdly, we always choose a random index on a 32-bit boundary. This
means that in the fast case we fulfil the allocation with a single
`fetch_or`, and in the other case we quickly move to the free bit.

This nets around a 7.75% improvement for the fast path case.

Summary:
The allocator interface is supposed to have 16 byte alignment (to keep
it consistent with the CPU allocator. We could probably drop this to 8
if desires.) But this was not enforced because the number of bytes used
for the bitfield sometimes resulted in alignment of 8 instead of 16.
Explicitly align the number of bytes to be a multiple of 16 even if
unused.

Summary:
This patch uses the actual allocator interface to implement
`aligned_alloc`. We do this by simply rounding up the amount allocated.
Because of how index calculation works, any offset within an allocated
pointer will still map to the same chunk, so we can just adjust
internally and it will free all the same.

Summary:
Now that we have `malloc` we can implement `realloc` efficiently. This
uses the known chunk sizes to avoid unnecessary allocations. We just
return nullptr for NVPTX. I'd remove the list for the entrypoint but
then the libc++ code would stop working. When someone writes the NVPTX
support this will be trivial.

Summary:
This is the big patch that implements an efficient device-side `malloc`
on the GPU. This is the first pass and many improvements will be made
later.

The scheme revolves around using a global reference counted pointer to
hand out access to a dynamically created and destroyed slab interface.
The slab is simply a large bitfield with one bit for each slab. All
allocations are the same size in a slab, so different sized allocations
are done through different slabs.

Allocation is thus searching for or creating a slab for the desired
slab, reserving space, and then searching for a free bit. Freeing is
clearing the bit and then releasing the space.

This interface allows memory to dynamically grow and shrink. Future
patches will have different modes to allow fast first-time-use as well
as a non-RPC version.