Fixes https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/100964

Context: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/87017

- Add proxy header `libc/hdr/math_macros.h` that will:
  - include `<math.h>` in overlay mode,
- include `"include/llvm-libc-macros/math-macros.h"` in full build mode.
- Its corresponding CMake target `libc.hdr.math_macros` will only depend
on `libc.include.math` and `libc.include.llvm-libc-macros.math_macros`
in full build mode.
- Replace all `#include "include/llvm-libc-macros/math-macros.h"` with
`#include "hdr/math_macros.h"`.
- Add dependency to `libc.hdr.math_macros` CMake target when using
`add_fp_unittest`.
- Update the remaining dependency.
- Update bazel overlay: add `libc:hdr_math_macros` target, and replacing
all dependency on `libc:llvm_libc_macros_math_macros` with
`libc:hdr_math_macros`.

Reland of #84991

A downstream overlay mode user ran into issues with the isnan macro not
working in our sources with a specific libc configuration. This patch
replaces the last direct includes of math.h with our internal
math_macros.h, along with the necessary build system changes.

- reland #79113
- Fix aarch64 RISC-V build

Reverts llvm/llvm-project#79113
It broke aarch64 build bot machines.

This patch reduces the surface of `FPBits`.

Access is now done through `FPBits` exclusively.
This patch also renames a few internal structs and uses `T` instead of
`FP` as a template parameter.

`FloatProperties` is always included when `FPBits` is. This will help
further refactoring.

This one might be a bit controversial since the terminology has been
introduced from the start but I think `FRACTION_LEN` is a better name
here. AFAICT it really is "the number of bits after the decimal dot when
the number is in normal form."

`MANTISSA_WIDTH` is less precise as it's unclear whether we take the
leading bit into account.
This patch also renames most of the properties to use the `_LEN` suffix
and fixes useless casts or variables.

This is step 4 of
https://discourse.llvm.org/t/rfc-customizable-namespace-to-allow-testing-the-libc-when-the-system-libc-is-also-llvms-libc/73079